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Empirical Research in the Social Sciences and Education

Basic information, database tips, and other resources for finding empirical research, especially in Education, Psychology, and the Behavioral/Social Sciences.

Contact the Librarian at your campus for more help!

Ellysa Cahoy
University Park / World Campus (Education):
Ellysa Cahoy

(ellysa@psu.edu or 814-865-9696)
 
Stephen Woods
University Park / World Campus (Social Sciences):
Stephen Woods

(swoods@psu.edu or 814-865-0665)
 
Bernadette Lear
Harrisburg / World Campus:
Bernadette Lear

(BAL19@psu.edu or 717-948-6360)
 

Introduction: What is Empirical Research?

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief. 

How do you know if a study is empirical? Read the subheadings within the article, book, or report and look for a description of the research "methodology." Ask yourself: Could I recreate this study and test these results?

Key characteristics to look for:

  • Specific research questions to be answered
  • Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
  • Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

  • Introduction: sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
  • Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- how to recreate the study -- usually describes the population, research process, and analytical tools used in the present study
  • Results: sometimes called "findings" -- what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
  • Discussion: sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies

Reading and Evaluating Scholarly Materials

Reading research can be a challenge. However, the tutorials and videos below can help. They explain what scholarly articles look like, how to read them, and how to evaluate them: