In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks.
Name-Year (N-Y) system (end references are listed in alphabetic order)
In text example: By contrast, the several antisera that have been raised against Sp1, a defined RNA polymerase II transcription factor (Kadonaga 1986), stain exclusively the nucleus...
Note: If you mention the author in the running text of your paper, include only the year in the parenthetical citation:
Example: This conclusion is supported by Rubin and Smith (1990), who found that...
Multiple authors: If two authors, list both. For more than two authors, list the first author then et al.
Example: In the classic experiment (Gass and Varonis 1984) showed that....
Example: Recent research (Munro et al. 2006) has shown that...
No author: Use the title (for long titles use the first few words followed by an elipsis):
Example: Top fields of study for international students are business and engineering, followed by physical and life sciences, math and computer science, and social sciences (Open Doors 2010).
No date: For online sources if the publication year cannot be determined use the year of access. For print sources use [date unknown]:
Example: Claims were made (Smith [date unknown]) with regards to...
In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks.
Citation-Sequence (C-S) System (end references are listed in the order they are referred to in the text).
In text example: Modern scientific nomenclature really began with Linnaeus in botany1, but other disciplines2,3 were not many years behind in developing various systems4-7 for nomenclature and symbolization.
Citation-Name (C-N) System (end references are listed in alphabetic order).
In text example: Modern scientific nomenclature really began with Linnaeus in botany4, but other disciplines1,5 were not many years behind in developing various systems2-3,6,10 for nomenclature and symbolization.