Librarian
Linda Musser
Contact:
105 Deike Bldg
University Park PA 16802
WebsiteUniversity Park PA 16802
General Information
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Encyclopedia of Water by ISBN: 1573563048Publication Date: 2003-03-30See pages 147-149 for the entry on hard water with a definition and a discussion of causes, softening, etc. -
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology by ISBN: 0471484946Publication Date: 2004-03-29Visit this link to see the entry on "Hardness". -
The Water Encyclopedia by ISBN: 9780471478447Publication Date: 2005Contains data for various locations in each state (see Table 6-30 beginning on page 449) and definitions and conversion factors for water hardness. (Print copies are also available) -
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater byContains a description of hardness, hardness test methods, and a bibliography of resources.
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Methods for Determination of Inorganic Substances in Water and Fluvial SedimentsContains information about various analytical techniques for measuring inorganic substances (including magnesium and calcium) in water.
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Treating Hard Water in the HouseholdInformation about hard water from the Virgina Cooperative Extension, including a rating chart for soft-hard water.
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Water Hardness and AlkalinityThis U.S. Geological Survey page provides a map of mean water hardness values for the U.S.
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Water HardnessSimilar to the previous page, this one from the USGS Water Science School focuses just on water hardness.