How can you trust information you find on the Internet? Where can you find an answer that is detailed enough to be useful, but not too complex for you to understand? Since anyone can publish information instantly on the World Wide Web distinguishing quality information can be very difficult. Before the coming of the information age, there were only a few options for research – books, magazines, and scholarly journals.
Scholarly journals (also called academic, peer-reviewed, or refereed journals) are the traditional method of communicating new scientific discoveries. Authors generally submit their articles to several other scientists for review and comment, and these reviewers must approve the article before it is published. Since the audience is other scientists, the language used is highly technical and specific to the field. Scholarly journals are one type of primary source for research.
Primary sources are newly created or recorded knowledge by a scientist or researcher. These can be scholarly journal articles, scientific reports or even an in-person presentation. Secondary sources review, discuss, or analyze primary sources and are written later. Some examples of secondary sources are encyclopedia articles, science news reports, and most books.
Both types of information sources may have citations, references to earlier research. Citations in a primary source are an acknowledgement of previous research and give a link between earlier knowledge and the current study. Citations in a secondary source indicate where the author got the information they used to write their review of the topic.